These closely related terms describe the software that controls devices that are not general-purpose computers. This software, designed for specific tasks, resides within a device’s non-volatile memory. For instance, the code that governs a microwave’s heating cycles or a car’s anti-lock braking system falls under this category.
Understanding the nuances of this type of software is crucial for hardware manufacturers, software developers, and anyone involved in the design and functionality of electronic devices. Its reliable operation is fundamental to the performance and safety of a vast array of products. Historically, the development of this technology has paralleled the advancement of microcontrollers and integrated circuits, becoming ever more sophisticated and powerful.